# 5.4 super Keyword

Each coding exercise has its own folder. Open its `.java` file and press **Run** to try it. **Run Tests** checks every graded exercise in this lesson at once.

Sometimes you want the subclass to do more than what a superclass’ method is doing. You want to still execute the superclass method, but you also want to override the method to do something else. But, since you have overridden the parent method how can you still call it? You can use `super.method()` to force the parent’s method to be called.

We’ve used super() before to call the superclass’ constructor. There are two uses of the keyword super:

1. **super();** or **super(arguments);** calls just the super constructor if put in as the first line of a subclass constructor.
2. **super.method();** calls a superclass’ method (not constructors).

The keyword super is very useful in allowing us to first execute the superclass method and then add on to it in the subclass.

In the example below, the `Student` class overrides the `getFood` method of the `Person` class, and it uses `super.getFood()` to call the `Person` `getFood` method before adding on to it. Here, a `Person` is associated with the food “Hamburger” and a `Student` is associated with “Hamburger” and “Taco”.

How does this work? Remember that an object always keeps a reference to the class that created it and always looks for a method during execution starting in the class that created it. If it finds the method in the class that created it, it will execute that method. If it doesn’t find it in the class that created it, it will look at the parent of that class. It will keep looking up the ancestor chain until it finds the method, all the way up to the Object class. The method has to be there, or else the code would not have compiled.

When the student `getFood()` method is executed it will start executing the `getFood` method in `Student`. When it gets to `super.getFood()` it will execute the `getFood` method in `Person`. This method will return the string `"Hamburger"`. Then execution will continue in the `getFood` method of `Student` and return the string `"Hamburger and Taco"`.

You can step through this example using the Java Visualizer by clicking on the following link: [Super Example](https://cscircles.cemc.uwaterloo.ca/java_visualize/#code=public+class+Base%0A%7B%0A+++public+void+methodOne()%0A+++%7B%0A+++++System.out.print(%22A%22)%3B%0A+++++methodTwo()%3B%0A+++%7D%0A%0A+++public+void+methodTwo()%0A+++%7B%0A+++++System.out.print(%22B%22)%3B%0A+++%7D%0A+++%0A+++public+static+void+main(String%5B%5D+args)%0A+++%7B%0A++++++Base+b+%3D+new+Derived()%3B%0A++++++b.methodOne()%3B%0A+++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0Aclass+Derived+extends+Base%0A%7B%0A+++public+void+methodOne()%0A+++%7B%0A++++++super.methodOne()%3B%0A++++++System.out.print(%22C%22)%3B%0A+++%7D%0A%0A+++public+void+methodTwo()%0A+++%7B%0A+++++super.methodTwo()%3B%0A+++++System.out.print(%22D%22)%3B%0A+++%7D%0A%7D&mode=display&curInstr=10).

The `toString` method is commonly overridden. A subclass can override `toString` but in its new `toString` method, it can call `super.toString()` to get a string to which it can add its own instance variables.

```java
// overridden toString() in subclass
public String toString()
{
  return super.toString() + "\n" + subclassInstanceVariables;
}
```

## Exercise 1

Add another subclass called Vegan that inherits from the Student class. Add a Vegan contructor that takes a name as an argument and passes it to the super constructor. Override the getFood() method in Vegan to call the superclass getFood() but add a “No ” in front of it and then say “but ” and add a vegan food. Change Javier to a Vegan object in main() and try it out!

> Open the `01-SuperEx` folder and edit `Person.java`. Press **Run** to try it; **Run Tests** checks it (2 tests).

> Check your understanding: Given the following class declarations, and assuming that the following declaration appears in a client program: `Base b = new Derived();`, what is the result of the call `b.methodOne();`?
>
> ```java
> public class Base
> {
>     public void methodOne()
>     {
>         System.out.print("A");
>         methodTwo();
>     }
>
>     public void methodTwo()
>     {
>         System.out.print("B");
>     }
> }
>
> public class Derived extends Base
> {
>     public void methodOne()
>     {
>         super.methodOne();
>         System.out.print("C");
>     }
>
>     public void methodTwo()
>     {
>         super.methodTwo();
>         System.out.print("D");
>     }
> }
> ```
>
> Answer it on CS Awesome: https://runestone.academy/ns/books/published/csawesome2/topic-5-4-super.html#qoo_6s

## Coding Challenge: Customer Info

The `Customer` class below keeps track of the names and addresses of customers. It has a `toString` method that prints out the name and address of the object.

1. Create a subclass `OnlineCustomer` that inherits from the `Customer` class and adds a new instance variable for the email address of a online customer.
2. Write an OnlineCustomer constructor that take 3 arguments, name, address, email, and passes the name and address to the super (Customer) constructor.
3. Override the `toString` method in the `OnlineCustomer` class to call the super class’s `toString` method and then add on the email address. See the example above for help.
4. Test the class by uncommenting the `OnlineCustomer` objects in the main method.

### Exercise 2

Complete the OnlineCustomer class to inherit from Customer and add an email address, a constructor, and override the toString() method.

> Open the `02-challenge-9-4-Customer-super` folder and edit `Customer.java`. Press **Run** to try it; **Run Tests** checks it (4 tests).

## Summary

- The keyword super can be used to call a superclass’s constructors and methods.
- The superclass method can be called in a subclass by using the keyword super with the method name and passing appropriate parameters.