# Picture Lab A5: Modifying a Picture

Each coding exercise has its own folder. Open its `.java` file and press **Run** to try it. **Run Tests** checks every graded exercise in this lesson at once.

Even though digital pictures have millions of pixels, modern computers are so fast that they can process all of them quickly. You will write methods in the `Picture` class that modify digital pictures like the ones below.

The data file `beach.jpg` is in each exercise folder that uses it.

The data file `metalLion.jpg` is in each exercise folder that uses it.

The data file `water.jpg` is in each exercise folder that uses it.

The data file `kitten.jpg` is in each exercise folder that uses it.

The data file `puppies.jpg` is in each exercise folder that uses it.

The data file `blueMotorcycle.jpg` is in each exercise folder that uses it.

The data file `student.jpg` is in each exercise folder that uses it.

You can loop through all the Pixel objects in the two-dimensional array to modify the picture. You can get and set the red, green, and/or blue value for a Pixel object. You can also get and/or set the Color value for a Pixel object. For example,

```java
Picture pict = new Picture("beach.jpg");
Pixel[][] pixels = pict.getPixels2D();
Pixel p = pixels[0][0]; // get the first pixel
int blue = p.getBlue(); // get its blue value
System.out.println("Pixel (0,0) has a blue value of " + blue );
p.setBlue(255);  // set its blue value to 255
pict.show();
```

## Image Modification Exercises

![Beach](images/beach.jpg)

What do you think you will see if you modify the beach picture to set all the blue values to zero? Do you think you will still see a beach? Run the main method in the Picture class in the exercise below. The body of the main method will create a Picture object named beach from the “beach.jpg” file and call the method that sets the blue values at all pixels to zero. The following code is the main method from the Picture class.

```java
public static void main(String[] args)
{
  Picture pict = new Picture("beach.jpg");
  pict.show(); // show the before picture
  pict.zeroBlue();
  pict.show(); // show the after picture
}
```

The method `zeroBlue` in the `Picture` class gets a two-dimensional array of `Pixel` objects from the current picture (the picture the method was called on). It then declares a variable that will refer to a `Pixel` object named `pixelObj`. It uses a nested for-each loop to loop through all the pixels in the picture. Inside the body of the nested for-each loop it sets the blue value for the current pixel to zero. Note that you cannot change the elements of an array when you use a for-each loop. If, however, the array elements are references to objects that have methods that allow changes, as they are here, you can change the internal state of objects referenced in the array.

The following code is the `zeroBlue` method in the `Picture` class.

```java
public void zeroBlue()
{
     Pixel[][] pixels = this.getPixels2D();
     for (Pixel[] rowArray : pixels)
     {
          for (Pixel p : rowArray)
          {
             p.setBlue(0);
          }
     }
}
```

Another option is to use for loops with indices to visit each pixel in the picture:

```java
public void zeroBlue()
{
     Pixel[][] pixels = this.getPixels2D();
     for (int row = 0; row < pixels.length; row++)
     {
          for (int col = 0 ; col < pixels[0].length; col++)
          {
             Pixel p = pixels[row][col];
             p.setBlue(0);
          }
     }
}
```

![Keep Only Blue](images/keepOnlyBlue.png)

1. You may have already done this exercise in a coding challenge for 2D arrays. Using the `zeroBlue` method as a starting point, write the method `keepOnlyBlue` that will keep only the blue values, that is, it will set the red and green values to zero. Be sure to call the new test method in the `main` method.

You can use beach.jpg or one of the other images seen at the bottom of this lesson in the exercises below which are autograded.

### Exercise 1

Picture Lab keepOnlyBlue: Using zeroBlue() as a guide, write a method called keepOnlyBlue() that keeps only the blue values by setting the red and green values to zero. Change the method call in main from zeroBlue to keepOnlyBlue to test it. Try one of the other images below like metalLion.jpg, water.jpg, kitten.jpg, puppies.jpg, blueMotorcycle.jpg, or student.jpg.

> Open the `01-picture-lab-A5-keepOnlyBlue` folder and edit `Picture.java`. Press **Run** to try it; **Run Tests** checks it (5 tests). Its tests check your code, not what it prints: “keepOnlyBlue() method”, “Call to keepOnlyBlue() in main”, “keepOnlyBlue() setting green pixels to the number 0”, “keepOnlyBlue() setting red pixels to the number 0”, “Checking that keepOnlyBlue() contains 2 for loops”. It draws pictures: **Run** saves the drawing as an image in its folder, and **Run Tests** checks the code without the drawing.

![Negate](images/negate.jpg)

2. Write the negate method to negate all the pixels in a picture. To negate a picture, set the red value to 255 minus the current red value (use the pixel’s `getRed` method), the green value to 255 minus the current green value and the blue value to 255 minus the current blue value. Be sure to call the new test method in the main method.

### Exercise 2

Picture Lab negate: Write a method called negate() that negates all the pixels in a picture by setting the red value to 255 minus the current red value (use the pixel’s getRed() method), the green value to 255 minus the current green value and the blue value to 255 minus the current blue value. Try one of the other images below like beach.jpg, metalLion.jpg, water.jpg, kitten.jpg, puppies.jpg, blueMotorcycle.jpg, or student.jpg.

> Open the `02-picture-lab-A5-negate` folder and edit `Picture.java`. Press **Run** to try it; **Run Tests** checks it (4 tests). Its tests check your code, not what it prints: “negate() method”, “negate() subtracts from 255”, “negate() uses get methods”, “Checking that negate() contains 2 for loops”. It draws pictures: **Run** saves the drawing as an image in its folder, and **Run Tests** checks the code without the drawing.

![Grayscale](images/grayscale.jpg)

3. Write the grayscale method to turn the picture into shades of gray. Set the red, green, and blue values to the average of the current red, green, and blue values (add all three values and divide by 3). Be sure to call the new test method in the main method.

### Exercise 3

Picture Lab Grayscale: Write a method called grayscale to turn the picture into shades of gray. Set the red, green, and blue values to the average of the current red, green, and blue values (add all three values and divide by 3). Try another image file from beach.jpg, metalLion.jpg, water.jpg, kitten.jpg, puppies.jpg, blueMotorcycle.jpg, student.jpg.

> Open the `03-picture-lab-A5-gray-scale` folder and edit `Picture.java`. Press **Run** to try it; **Run Tests** checks it (4 tests). Its tests check your code, not what it prints: “grayscale() method”, “grayscale() uses get methods”, “grayscale() divides by 3 to average the values”, “Checking that grayscale() contains 2 for loops”. It draws pictures: **Run** saves the drawing as an image in its folder, and **Run Tests** checks the code without the drawing.

![Water](images/water.jpg)

![Fixunderwater](images/fixunderwater.jpg)

4. Challenge — Explore the water.jpg picture. Write a method fixUnderwater() to modify the pixel colors to make the fish easier to see. There are many ways to do this, but you could try increasing one of the colors by a certain factor. Here are some more complex algorithms for increasing the brightness and contrast of images [https://web.archive.org/web/20240911001714/https://ie.nitk.ac.in/blog/2020/01/19/algorithms-for-adjusting-brightness-and-contrast-of-an-image/](https://web.archive.org/web/20240911001714/https://ie.nitk.ac.in/blog/2020/01/19/algorithms-for-adjusting-brightness-and-contrast-of-an-image/).

### Exercise 4

Picture Lab fix-underwater: Write a method called fixUnderwater() to modify the pixel colors to make the fish easier to see. Try increasing one of the colors by a certain factor.

> Open the `04-picture-lab-A5-fix-underwater` folder and edit `Picture.java`. Press **Run** to try it; **Run Tests** checks it (3 tests). Its tests check your code, not what it prints: “fixUnderwater() method”, “fixUnderwater() uses the setRed() method to increase red values”, “Checking that fixUnderwater() contains 2 for loops”. It draws pictures: **Run** saves the drawing as an image in its folder, and **Run Tests** checks the code without the drawing.

![Changetshirt](images/changetshirt.png)

5. Extra Challenge — This exercise is not in the original picture lab. Can you change just the t-shirt color in student.jpg? You will need to use an if statement inside the loops to look for the red t-shirt color and then change it. The red pixels probably have a high red value (for example greater than 200) and low green and blue values (for example less than 100). After changing the t-shirt color, try changing the background color or the hair color.

Try the following Color Chooser (also at [https://www.cssscript.com/demo/rgb-color-picker-slider/](https://www.cssscript.com/demo/rgb-color-picker-slider/)) by moving the sliders to try to match the red color of the shirt and see what range and limits the RGB color values need to be for your if statement:

> Open it on CS Awesome: https://runestone.academy/ns/books/published/csawesome2/pictureLabA5.html#image-modification-exercises

### Exercise 5

Can you change just the t-shirt color in student.jpg? You will need to use an if statement inside the loops to look for the red t-shirt color and then change it. The red pixels probably have a high red value (for example greater than 200) and low green and blue values (for example less than 100). After changing the t-shirt color, try changing the background color or the hair color.

> Open the `05-picture-lab-A5-tshirt-color` folder and edit `Picture.java`. Press **Run** to try it; **Run Tests** checks it (5 tests). Its tests check your code, not what it prints: “changeTshirt() method”, “changeTshirt uses if statement”, “changeTshirt() chacks if getRed() greater than a value”, “changeTshirt() uses setRed(0)”, “Checking that changeTshirt() contains 2 for loops”. It draws pictures: **Run** saves the drawing as an image in its folder, and **Run Tests** checks the code without the drawing.